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README.md
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@ -70,19 +70,19 @@ Several portable storage devices (such as microSD cards) for storing encrypted b
# Prepare environment # Prepare environment
A dedicated, secure operating environment is recommended to generate cryptographic keys. A dedicated and hardened operating environment should be used to generate materials.
The following is a general ranking of environments least to most hospitable to generating materials: The following is a ranked list of least to most defensible environments to consider:
1. Public, shared or other computer owned by someone else 1. Public, shared or other computer owned by someone else
1. Daily-use personal operating system with unrestricted network access 1. Daily-use personal operating system with unrestricted network access
1. Virtualized operating system with limited capabilities (using [virt-manager](https://virt-manager.org/), VirtualBox or VMware, for example) 1. Virtualized system with limited capabilities (using [virt-manager](https://virt-manager.org/), VirtualBox or VMware, for example)
1. Dedicated and hardened [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) or [OpenBSD](https://www.openbsd.org/) installation 1. Dedicated and hardened [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) or [OpenBSD](https://www.openbsd.org/) installation
1. Ephemeral [Debian Live](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/index.en.html) booted without primary storage attached 1. Ephemeral [Debian Live](https://www.debian.org/CD/live/) or [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/index.en.html) booted without primary storage attached
1. Hardened hardware and firmware (e.g., [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/), [Intel ME removed](https://github.com/corna/me_cleaner)) 1. Hardened hardware and firmware (e.g., [Coreboot](https://www.coreboot.org/), [Intel ME removed](https://github.com/corna/me_cleaner))
1. Air-gapped system without network capabilities, preferably ARM-based Raspberry Pi or other architecturally diverse equivalent 1. Air-gapped system without network capabilities, preferably ARM-based Raspberry Pi or other architecturally diverse equivalent
Debian Live is used in this guide to balance usability and security, with some additional instructions for OpenBSD. Debian Live is used in this guide to balance usability and security, with additional instructions for OpenBSD.
Download the latest Debian Live image and signature files: Download the latest Debian Live image and signature files:
@ -194,13 +194,9 @@ doas pkg_add gnupg pcsc-tools
Download and install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) and the following packages: Download and install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/) and the following packages:
```console ```console
brew install \ brew install gnupg yubikey-personalization ykman pinentry-mac wget
gnupg yubikey-personalization ykman pinentry-mac wget
``` ```
> [!NOTE]
> An additional Python package dependency may need to be installed to use [`ykman`](https://support.yubico.com/support/solutions/articles/15000012643-yubikey-manager-cli-ykman-user-guide) - `pip install yubikey-manager`
Or using [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org/install.php), install the following packages: Or using [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org/install.php), install the following packages:
```console ```console
@ -550,9 +546,12 @@ The following process is recommended to be repeated several times on multiple po
> [ext2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2) volumes (without encryption) can be mounted on Linux and OpenBSD. > [ext2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2) volumes (without encryption) can be mounted on Linux and OpenBSD.
> Use [FAT32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat32) or [NTFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntfs) volumes for macOS and Windows compatibility instead. > Use [FAT32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat32) or [NTFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntfs) volumes for macOS and Windows compatibility instead.
> [!CAUTION]
> Confirm the destination (`of`) before issuing `dd` commands as they are destructive! This guide uses `/dev/sdc` - this value may be different on your system.
**Linux** **Linux**
Attach a portable storage device and check its label, in this case `/dev/sdc`: Attach a portable storage device and confirm its label - in this example `/dev/sdc`:
```console ```console
$ sudo dmesg | tail $ sudo dmesg | tail
@ -563,9 +562,6 @@ $ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdc
Disk /dev/sdc: 14.9 GiB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors Disk /dev/sdc: 14.9 GiB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
``` ```
> [!CAUTION]
> Confirm the destination (`of`) before issuing the following command - it is destructive! This guide uses `/dev/sdc` throughout, but this value may be different on your system.
Zero the header to prepare for encryption: Zero the header to prepare for encryption:
```console ```console
@ -1834,7 +1830,7 @@ YubiKey can be used to decrypt and sign emails and attachments using [Thunderbir
### Thunderbird ### Thunderbird
Follow [instructions on the mozilla wiki](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Thunderbird:OpenPGP:Smartcards#Configure_an_email_account_to_use_an_external_GnuPG_key) to setup your YubiKey with your thunderbird client using the external gpg provider. Follow [instructions on the mozilla wiki](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Thunderbird:OpenPGP:Smartcards#Configure_an_email_account_to_use_an_external_GnuPG_key) to setup YubiKey with Thunderbird using the external GPG provider.
> [!NOTE] > [!NOTE]
> Thunderbird will [fail](https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/issues/448) to decrypt emails if the ASCII `armor` option is enabled in `gpg.conf`. If you see the error `gpg: [don't know]: invalid packet (ctb=2d)` or `message cannot be decrypted (there are unknown problems with this encrypted message)` simply remove this option. > Thunderbird will [fail](https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/issues/448) to decrypt emails if the ASCII `armor` option is enabled in `gpg.conf`. If you see the error `gpg: [don't know]: invalid packet (ctb=2d)` or `message cannot be decrypted (there are unknown problems with this encrypted message)` simply remove this option.
@ -1961,7 +1957,7 @@ Copy the original private key materials (after updating the encrypted storage di
```console ```console
export GNUPGHOME=$(mktemp -d -t $(date +%Y.%m.%d)-XXXX) export GNUPGHOME=$(mktemp -d -t $(date +%Y.%m.%d)-XXXX)
cp -avi /mnt/encrypted-storage/2026.12.31-AbCd/* $GNUPGHOME/ cp -avi /mnt/encrypted-storage/2026.07.01-AbCd/* $GNUPGHOME/
``` ```
Confirm the identity is available, set the key id and fingerprint: Confirm the identity is available, set the key id and fingerprint:
@ -2208,9 +2204,14 @@ sudo nft -f ./nftables.conf
If you want to look at every process's command line arguments you can use `ps axjf`. This prints a process tree which may have a large number of lines but should be easy to read on a live image or fresh install. If you want to look at every process's command line arguments you can use `ps axjf`. This prints a process tree which may have a large number of lines but should be easy to read on a live image or fresh install.
```bash ```bash
sudo ss -anp -A inet # Dump all network state information # Dump network state information
ps axjf # List all processes in a process tree sudo ss -anp -A inet
ps aux # BSD syntax, list all processes but no process tree
# List all processes in a process tree
ps axjf
# BSD syntax, list all processes but no process tree
ps aux
``` ```
If you find any additional processes listening on the network that aren't needed, take note and disable them with one of the following: If you find any additional processes listening on the network that aren't needed, take note and disable them with one of the following:

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<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/blob/master/templates/passphrase.html <!-- https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/blob/master/templates/passphrase.html
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/master/templates/passphrase.html https://raw.githubusercontent.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide/master/templates/passphrase.html
Open this file in a browser to render and print, then fill out offline. Open this template in a browser to render, then print and fill out offline.
--> -->
<html lang="en"> <html lang="en">
<head> <head>